Research
Every study DUO references, in plain language. Filter by topic or study type, then open the paper.
4 societies
agree nutrition support belongs in GLP-1 care.
Am J Clin Nutr · 2025 · Open paper
Four medical societies jointly published nutrition priorities for people on GLP-1 medications, including micronutrients and protein, and noted most patients don't receive adequate nutrition support.
Dariush Mozaffarian et al.
Tufts University · on behalf of ACLM, ASN, OMA, TOS
11 studies · sorted by newest
−271 kcalless eaten at a measured meal.
Nutritional intake changes during GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy
Anh Tuan Quan et al.
What it found
Across placebo-controlled trials, people on GLP-1 medications ate about 271 fewer calories at a standardized lunch. Real-world, day-to-day intake is still underreported.
Citation
Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2026. PMID 42508090.
Anh Tuan Quan et al.
≥1.2 g/kgdaily protein proposed to protect lean mass.
Medical nutrition in the GLP-1 era
Sedat Arslan
What it found
Authors propose at least 1.2 g of protein per kg of body weight daily to help protect lean mass during GLP-1 treatment.
Citation
Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2026. PMID 42036071.
Sedat Arslan
Bursa Uludağ University
60%+fell short on calcium and iron from food.
Micronutrient and nutritional deficiencies with GLP-1 RA therapy
Jorge Urbina et al.
What it found
More than 60% of GLP-1 users fell short on calcium and iron from food, and vitamin D intake averaged about 20% of the recommended amount.
Narrative review of 6 studies. Observational; causality not established.
Citation
Clin Obes. 2026. PMID 41549912.
Benjamin Clapp
Co-author · Clin Obes 2026
Lead author: Jorge Urbina, University of Guadalajara.
2 of 41major trials tracked what people ate.
Critical evidence gaps in reporting dietary change
Anna K Jansson et al.
What it found
Of 41 major GLP-1 trials, only 2 tracked what participants actually ate.
Citation
Obesity Reviews. 2026. PMID 41491340.
Clare Collins
Corresponding author · University of Newcastle (Australia)
Nonemet daily fiber recommendations.
Dietary intake in adults with T2D using GLP-1 RAs
Valentina Ponzo et al.
What it found
None of the 52 GLP-1 users studied met daily fiber recommendations.
Cross-sectional study of adults with type 2 diabetes.
Citation
Nutrients. 2025;17(21):3318.
Valentina Ponzo et al.
University of Turin
4 societiesagree nutrition support belongs in GLP-1 care.
Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity
Dariush Mozaffarian et al.
What it found
Four medical societies jointly published nutrition priorities for people on GLP-1 medications, including micronutrients and protein, and noted most patients don't receive adequate nutrition support.
Citation
Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.
Dariush Mozaffarian et al.
Tufts University · on behalf of ACLM, ASN, OMA, TOS
~30%of weight lost came from lean mass, not fat.
GLP1Ra-based therapies and DXA-acquired musculoskeletal health outcomes
Kristen M. Beavers et al.
What it found
Across placebo-controlled trials, about 30% of the weight lost with GLP-1-based therapy was lean mass. Lean mass is not the same as muscle.
Citation
Beavers KM, et al. GLP1Ra-based therapies and DXA-acquired musculoskeletal health outcomes: a focused meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Obesity. 2025;33(2):225–237. doi:10.1002/oby.24172.
Kristen M. Beavers et al.
Wake Forest University
2,600-3,400 mgRecommended daily potassium for adults. Most US diets provide less.
Potassium: Fact Sheet for Consumers
What it found
Recommended daily potassium is 2,600 mg for adult women and 3,400 mg for adult men. Most US diets provide less.
Citation
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Potassium: Fact Sheet for Consumers. 2021.
74%reported GI side effects in a semaglutide trial.
Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1)
John Wilding et al.
What it found
Nearly 3 in 4 adults in a semaglutide trial reported digestive side effects.
GI events were also common in the placebo group; most were mild to moderate and transient.
Citation
Wilding JPH, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989–1002.
John Wilding et al.
University of Liverpool
1.3 vs 1.6 Lmedian fluid intake on a GLP-1 drug vs placebo, over an 8-hour visit.
Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on fluid intake in healthy volunteers
Bettina Winzeler et al.
What it found
Median fluid intake over an 8-hour visit was 1.3 L on a GLP-1 drug vs 1.6 L on placebo.
Small randomized crossover trial in healthy volunteers using dulaglutide. The lower fluid intake was a trend, not statistically significant; urine output was significantly lower.
Citation
Winzeler et al. Endocrine. 2020;70(2):292–298. PMID 32623637.
Bettina Winzeler et al.
University Hospital Basel
~20%of daily fluid normally comes from food.
Dietary Reference Intakes for water and electrolytes
Lawrence J. Appel (panel chair)
What it found
About 20% of daily water intake normally comes from food. When portions shrink, that share shrinks too.
Citation
National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. 2005.
Lawrence J. Appel (panel chair)
Johns Hopkins University
Studies describe intake and body composition in general or GLP-1 populations. They were not conducted on DUO products. DUO is not affiliated with or endorsed by these publishers or authors. Researchers shown are the authors of the cited studies and are not affiliated with or endorsing DUO. The study-type bar shows how a study was designed, not its quality.